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最新章节： 第521章 苏州十全街塌陷 （ 2024-05-27 17:18:08）
更新时间： 2024-05-27 15:26:30
- 第1章 保时捷
- 第2章 微博之夜
- 第3章 三国杀
- 第4章 凯迪拉克
- 第5章 鼠年生肖邮票首发
- 第6章 魔兽世界怀旧服
- 第7章 赵丽颖补办婚礼
- 第8章 武炼巅峰
- 第9章 郑爽加盟北京春晚
- 第10章 我很愉快
- 第11章 哪吒之魔童降世
- 第12章 胡歌
- 第13章 奥特曼
- 第14章 光年之外王者荣耀
- 第15章 这样唱好美
- 第16章 朱一龙
- 第17章 樱花
- 第18章 星球大战：天行者崛起
- 第19章 印培育出微型蔬菜
- 第20章 冰雪奇缘2
- 点击查看 中间隐藏的 20876 章节
- 第549章 鲁迅英超
- 第550章 小城街头现睡觉窝
- 第551章 我的世界
- 第552章 2020罕见对称日
- 第553章 宠爱
- 第554章 一拳超人
- 第555章 修罗武神烟火里的尘埃
- 第556章 盗御马
- 第557章 郭德纲5岁小儿子近照
- 第558章 斗战狂潮2
- 第559章 papi酱孕肚
- 第560章 朱一龙
- 第561章 300英雄
- 第562章 存钱存了一半睡着
- 第563章 兰博基尼
- 第564章 剑灵
- 第565章 ofo再成被执行人
- 第566章 郑爽孟晚舟案或将终结
- 第567章 王俊凯粉末大片
- 第568章 兰博基尼
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陈威以第二次在8264发贴，这一次是得到了老大自有自在的怂恿刚好工作不忙，刚好想回忆下我那曾经的自由行故事于是乎，有了这个帖子的出现！回归正，故事发生在两年多以前出行，完全是一场意外，一场精心策划的意外选择越南，是因为他的名字有那么一点点骇人听闻的味道都说危险，对！我就看中他的危险了！所以，我去了!那是春节来临之前，公司提前放假，恰逢寡人心情极为不爽原本打算跟球友一起去黔东南，但我那太早被释放的身心实在无法等待她们于是我立马决定去越南，对，就是越南！在淘宝上找了一家南宁的旅行社，傻BB的把自己的护照 寄 了 过去约好几天过后就亲自跑过去取证3天过后，证顺利出来，四百个大洋也顺利落入了旅行社的囊中由于我实在不喜欢春运期间占用我们祖国归家大军的大巴车位于是乎我在网上找了个拼车前往南宁的柴可夫约好了时间地点，就准备GO GO GO了事后说起，很多人都说：你疯了吧，居然敢在网上拼车兴许吧，当时哪儿来的二楞脑袋我也母鸡反正我现在还活的好好的第一贴的图片，就来个越南证图吧在这里不得不说下，我是个懒人，准的懒人没有怎么做功课很懒惰的在某户外网站把别人的行程打印了出来，准备带在身上，随走随看不喜欢条条框框的我，只希望自己的行程跟自己的人一样随心 随性 随行来看看跟我一起拼车的人，一家三口回南宁过春节，一个学生也是回南宁过春节还有就是司机大哥看到车上有小孩，心里多少安心了点不过让人比较难受的事情是，这个小男孩不知道昨儿个吃了啥一整天都在车上释放氮气我勒个去，我当时那个石化 说说我为什么选择拼车吧首先的首先，当然跟大多数人一样——省钱！没错！囊中羞涩的我，为了尽可能少的花掉我那红彤彤的毛主席我就选择了陆路前往，在网上看了看，这也证明了我此举是可行滴！反正有时间，怕嘛？！再来看看我粗略的路线，那可真的不是一般的粗略啊其实在去之前，我的行程是安排的好好的，计划要去的地方也不少但是到了越南以后，我又一次体会到了什么是真正意义上的 计划赶不上变化由于旅途的奔波和劳累，让我果断的舍弃了好几个比较著名的景点比方说美奈 比方说会安 比方说顺化好吧，言归正传，寡人的路线来噜～惠州出发（为了省钱，我选择陆路出发）—— 南宁（宿一夜）—— 东兴 —— 芒街 ——下龙湾（宿2夜）——河内（飞）—— 胡志明/西贡（宿2夜）—— 牙庄 —— 岘港（飞）—— 河内（宿2夜）—— 友谊关 —— 南宁 —— 惠州全程约10天，9号出发，19号返惠其实在我最初的计划里，是没有飞行这一选项的就是因为从芒街到下龙湾的这一段在路上的中巴煎熬，让我毫不犹豫的不想继续自虐故事在后面会为您娓娓道来，请耐心等候哈哇哈哈哈哈哈哈哈 9号晚上抵达南宁，胡乱找了个廉价旅馆住了下来匆匆梳洗后跑去南宁相当出名的老友粉来了一碗那一个叫爽YY第二天一早去旅行社拿证，然后跑到琅东车站买了车票前往东兴乐的屁颠屁颠的上图是东兴破旧的车站，出站以后乘坐了酱紫有东兴特色的不知道什么车我给它取了个名字“公鸡车”！司机大哥摇摇晃晃的把我送到了东兴口岸 东兴边境大街，两旁的店铺插满了国旗东兴口岸就在一堆断瓦颓垣中座立着这么一看，还是有点“辉煌的”好歹是座洋房，哇哈哈哈哈哈哈哈上文说的断瓦颓垣，看到了吗，右边的小楼梯上去就是东兴口岸入口处也就是上图的那座小洋房两年多过去了，相信这也该换个新貌了吧至少那对断瓦该清除掉了吧不然也太对不起纳税人的毛主席了关于东兴口岸，关于芒街，我有好多的话想说首先，东兴口岸，让我非常想爆粗想必去过越南的人大概都知道怎么回事儿越南入境处的工作人员是相当的黑大概都是众所周知的事情了在去之前我也略有所闻只是塞钱的程序操作一直没有搞明白第一个窗口是填表的，塞了五块人民币以为就这样就平安大吉殊不知最黑的是接下来的这个窗口当我把护照递过去的时候，那个老头子仔细的翻了翻护照一脸不屑的点着放在他桌子上的《健康证明》我说“不好意思，我忘记带了”他又一次一脸不屑的说“五十块，五十块就让你过去，不然我就把你送回中国去办！你回中国去办要两三百块一本”在经过一番无用的讨价还价以后，我还是得乖乖的给这个死老头五十人民币大概是春节来临，他也需要点钱吧好吧好吧，纵然我心有不甘，但是我实在不想因为这五十块影响了我愉快的旅行心情马上把自己的心情调整的漂漂亮亮的继续背包前行结果，小王八蛋又来了安检的小哥哥招手把我叫了过去旁边的安检机器已经进入偃旗息鼓状态这小哥莫不是要进行人力搜寻？也罢，五块人民币把他打发，也保全了我井然有序的背囊装备然后我就一溜烟的跑了，生怕再跑出个吃钱的越南腐败政府人民穿过这条桥就正式进入越南境内了感觉有点虚虚的，说不上为什么越南越南，这居然就是越南hey，I am coming！哇噻，居然又吐了一句洋气的话还有这个有点像我们六七十年代的墙绘，有点大字报的感觉个人认为右边的那个哥哥有点像毛主席先僧这一出口岸就不得了啦越南的哥，越南摩的哥四面八方的朝你涌过来用你听不懂的叽里呱啦的越南话num num num还用他们的黑黑大爪一直扯你的手让你坐他们的车作为一名参加过篮球队，扔过铁饼，丢过铅球，还飞过枪，四肢有点muscle的女生我岂能就酱紫屈服在那些七手八脚之中抓着我的背包飞也似的跑了我准备走一段，先走一段，摆脱这群热情的芒街的哥，摩的哥然后再找个地方换点越南盾，过把百万富翁的大瘾再找车站，继而把我自己给运到我第一站——下龙湾 去！于是我就走在了芒街的小镇上有点陈旧，有点破烂，类似我们现在落后地区的小镇脏脏的，自行车摩托车满街跑走过一条桥，在越南走的第一条桥不知它尊姓大名，只知卫生程度有待加强但比起城市垃圾，它也算OK了 文章来到这里，不得不写点温馨提示了1. 要备用基本的越南语，即使不会说，也要写在纸上因为越南人民，特别是芒街人民不懂英语，也不懂国语（这点跟攻略上的非常不一样啊）个人认为必备的越南语应该有：汽车站 多少钱 换钱 以及你到车站买票去的那个地方的越南语 等等不然，你去到即使比手划脚也跟鸡同鸭讲差不多我算运气比较好，从口岸打摩的（大概花了人民币五块钱这样，不超过十块）到达汽车站2. 在芒街换越南盾吧，没错的攻略上说的人民币在越南通用，其实不完全正确，通用的地方至少是在我到过的地方来说就是芒街 下龙湾 再往南走别人就不认可人民币了美元还是相当受用的，基本到处都接受，最划算的还是越南盾而且人民币的汇率越往南边走越不划算在芒街换钱还有个小插曲摩的司机好意问我要不要换钱（当然又是比手划脚的），我总觉得他会骗我然后拒绝了他，结果我发现我以小人之心度君子之腹结果我到了汽车站又折回市场换钱换钱的地方很有意思 很过瘾他们把一大摞的钱放在一个小方桌上好像小商贩在销售商品一样最开始我还以为是冥币，后来才晓得是真的货币啊！长见识了！票子！花花绿绿的票子！摩的哥把我送到一个破烂的小车站我跟乘务员说我要去下龙湾她不懂英语，不懂中文，我只好拿出我的简易地图给她看指着地图下龙湾的地方她好不容易的点点头，跟我说了一名叽里呱啦的话我猜大概是要票子吧也不知道要多少钱，我把一堆钱递到她前面让她挑好不容易完成了这个过程就开始了我遥遥无期的候车过程在这之前，我完全不晓得芒街到下龙湾的地方没有高速连柏油公路都没有！！！这是神马该概念！等了大约一个小时，好不容易上了一部老旧的中巴就是我们祖国80年代末90年代初的那种中巴我找了个靠窗的座位旁边一个鸡笼放在了我右边的位置完了，这一路要与鸡同行了车上充满了寒酸味，鸡屎味，鸭子的呱呱声还有越南人民高声讨论的声音那时那刻，我是一个怪物，大家都冲我看车子在启动之后半小时好不容易挤满了人紧接着又在镇上绕了一个多小时典型的旧中国兜客啊！也罢，别无选择，只有这一部车可以坐，而且下一班要等第二天。我可不想在这个语言不通的地方呆一个晚上车子摇摇晃晃的走了一段磕磕碰碰的水泥路颠着颠着就到了一条山路！是真的山路，不是柏油路，尘土飞扬的那种！那一刻，我已经满脸是灰！厚厚的一层！我也不想擦，更加不想关窗！因为坐在我旁边的是鸡笼大妈！！！说说坐我旁边的鸡笼大妈吧鸡笼大妈刚上车的时候还跟旁边的人说说笑笑我想她是想跟我说话的，不过我听不懂然后呢，说着说着她开始沉默了我突然意识到哪里不对劲直觉告诉我，我猜对了！几分钟过后，杯具终于来鸟！她吐了！！！神马概念，吐了！在鸡笼旁边，我的旁边！！吐完她舒服了，居然还把脑袋靠我肩膀上睡着了！！！我再次瞬间石化，继而碎裂！但，我是来自文明城市的文明市民权当做好事了，睡吧，安心的睡吧睡在我打过篮球 掷过铁饼 丢过铅球 飞过枪的臂膀上！也罢，来一张破旧车站前的小景越南初印象在坐车之前没人告诉我芒街到下龙湾的车程需要多久我想，充其量也就四五个小时吧四五个小时后，车子确实停了，不过是司机大哥要吃饭！我也下来了一，呼吸新鲜空气二，远离鸡笼三，我饿了这是开车的阿哥和卖票的妞儿可惜他们都不会说中文也不好说英文人倒是很不错！摇摇晃晃又过了几个小时，车上的乘客也陆陆续续的下车我下午1点多上的车，晚上将近10点才到达下龙湾下车的时候那一个叫惊慌失措也不知道是什么地方，应该是个马路边楼上的那对夫妇就一直冲我喊然后还把车门打开反正我是听不懂的，看着外面乌漆麻黑的，我也不知道神马情况所幸之前车上有一位会讲国语的小妹妹帮我留了个小纸条写的是我要去的地方，我想大概是我的目的地到了果断下车，管他呢！下车以后，因为时间真的太晚了，晚上10点这一次我没选择摩的，选择了一个略懂英语的的士车费砍了半天，应该是砍了一些的吧然后他就把我送去一家小旅馆我相信他应该是跟小旅馆有关系的本来想挑剔下，不过我实在是太累了况且，旅馆的人英语不错，有wifi，有热水，关键是房间干净足矣！价格也算合理！欧了！满足的洗了个热水澡，爬在软绵绵的床上，马上就要睡着了突然想起今天的经历，天啊，如果我每天都要在这车上摇7-8个小时我岂不是疯了，于是马上爬起来订机票我决定了，下龙湾前往河内，用飞的，对，一定要用飞的！我就这么想着想着，就睡着了！第二天一早起来，四处闲逛，今天准备到下龙湾耍去途经小铺！我吃早餐的小铺！吃上了我那久违的正宗云南粉相当美味！春节来临之前，到处都是水仙花越南人民也爱这花早餐过后，准备去找个当地电话卡为了方便，也为了省钱电话卡有个很好听的名字——tomato！我是从家里逃出来的直到那一刻起家人还不知道我跑了是时候打个电话告诉他们我身在何处这年我是不打算在家过了说回下龙湾，下龙湾给我的总体感觉跟桂林差不多，无非就是一些个山山水水，对我来说没有太多的惊喜还是百度一下下，来点专业点的介绍下龙湾，位于北部湾西部，离越南首都河内150公里。1994年，联合国教科文组织将下龙湾作为自然遗产，列入《世界遗产名录》越南语作Vinh Ha Long(意为「龙下海之处」)。越南北部广宁省鸿基市附近东京湾西北部海岸的海湾。位于海防东南方164公里(102哩)处，面积1,500平方公里(580平方哩)，包含约3,000个岩石岛屿和土岛，典型的形式为伸出海面的锯齿状石灰岩柱，还有一些洞穴和洞窟，共同形成一幅异国风味的如画景致。水域和热带森林中可见各种不同的海生及陆生哺乳动物、鳄、鱼类和鸟类。旅馆的老板有卖船票，我花了VND0.000,然后他打的把我带到上船处并交待我回去的时候打的回去就好了，费用是可以报销d如果要在船上吃饭，另外给VND0.000到手的船票气势磅礴的众多船只，天气不太好但不影响心情！这是我乘坐的船只！下龙湾之于我，确实没有太大的诱惑这里其实就是个不同版本的小漓江or小桂林一个偶然，这位帅锅闯入我的镜头在后来，这个来自韩国的帅锅还给我写Email可惜，我们依旧很难沟通，因为他英语是他们韩国的体育老师教的再来个风景图，没人拍我，我自拍！船只在一个水流平缓的地方停了下来一艘艘买货的船只也慢慢靠近这个小妞儿是个乖巧的娃儿挺招人稀罕的 稍事休息，船上的导游就带我们进了一个溶洞跟国内的溶洞没什么大区别无非就是用五颜六色的彩灯装扮一下下溶洞过后，返回住处，时间尚早我又跑到外面溜达了一圈反正去河内的机票订的是第二天的瞎溜达呗那时候的我木有单反，只有一个sony小卡片也够可以的啦，陪着我从米国肥到祖国，再跑到越南大地沙滩上到处都是贝壳，不见螃蟹难道都回家准备过春节去了么？此情此景 此时此刻 若有一瓶tiger 也确实是个不错的选择忽然想起，那天是廿二九，除夕马上要到了我一个人走在异国他乡的沙滩上总得做点什么慰问下家里的父老乡亲吧走累了，我也回去了，又吃了一碗越南粉然后就在旅馆休息了一晚上行李已经打包好，准备明天飞河内一觉醒来，再次越南粉入肚又上了一台中巴，这次情况好多了起码没有家禽和我一起坐车售票员一直把脑袋放在车外招揽顾客这种景象，久违了！([]
簧篇动漫床视频大全
刘淑娟记：生命很短，而路很长。 远方就是行走的方向。 暂时脱离各自扮演的生活角色，做一次自由的精灵和风的孩子，奔向心中的那道地平线。 第一部：游离在崩溃的边缘-----小相岭穿越第二部：大凉山深处的钟声---------走进喜德县来洛小学第三部：就此沉醉在你云间-------雅拉穿越第四部：偷得浮生两日闲--------闲散在丹巴 关于路线对一个路盲+路痴来说，制定路线做攻略是相当折磨人的任务。可谁让我把驴老爷去墨脱溜达的心思忽悠到川西这块来了呢？原定木里雄鹰谷的徒步鉴于种种因素放弃，那个周六的下午盯着四川省这个州那个州的地图抓耳挠腮半天，灵感突发的想起驴老爷似乎提起过雅拉雪山，一看地图上以西昌为起始点到康定线条是粗粗的，恩，肯定有大公路，起码是省道啥的，瞅瞅走的也满顺溜，那就是雅拉了！一通电话的乱骚扰认识或不认识的四川本地的朋友求助，总算马马虎虎的搞定。再次感谢提供帮助的守静笃，边城浪子，自由，荼糜!原谅我的婆妈和啰嗦，一直是跟混的我没胆量挑大梁。 打包准备出发，这次为入川，败了个GGDEVA70 的包包。 悲 催4月22日：好吧，我承认我RP不好，飞机晚点导致没赶上晚上21：45分成都—西昌T8865次列车（这年月，动车都经常晚点的，这趟车咋就这么准时的发走了呢？始发站的唯一优点）。不死心的从成都南站赶到北站，悲催！没过路车 ！改吧。一通忙，还要临时找住宿，再次悲催，成都在开啥医药展销会，旅馆快捷酒店全部爆满。总算兜到一条啥子路的榕城饭店住下。4月23日：成都第三次到了，此一天在宽窄巷子，锦里来来去去无事发呆就不多叙述。晚上是在盛开的格桑花新驴窝里蹭的晚饭，据说还是开锅饭！等我们再次回到成都时，花花告之新驴窝装饰一新，可惜时间关系没能去看看。晚上总算踏实的倒在火车卧铺上，一路向西夜行而去。咳咳，加剧悲催的是，扁桃体发炎，严重失声。搞的张嘴蹦出来的就是比公鸭好听不多少的破裂声音。 游离在崩溃边缘---------小相岭穿越 小相岭一个鲜为人知的地方。 小相岭彝语称为“俄尔者峨”，意为神龙出没的冰雪之峰。它位于四川省凉山州喜德县，属大雪山支脉，又名西山，距州府西昌80公里。山势险峻，岩石裸露，生态植被好。冰川湖泊星罗棋布，古冰川遗迹明显。景区总面积115平方公里，海拔从1988米延伸至4500.4米的俄尔者峨主峰，是一处集自然生态、历史景观与科考探险于一体的风景名胜区。在第四纪冰川运动的作用下形成的巨大冰斗与漂砾和星罗棋布的冰斗湖、冰川刻槽，使小相岭的地形地貌千奇百怪，危岩峭石如斧削刀琢，似禽似兽，栩栩如生。其主景区范围内集中分布有大小12个冰蚀湖，各湖泊在花岗石基岩色泽及周围植被色彩的衬托下呈现出不同的颜色，五彩缤纷，美不胜收。湖泊间伴有4处高山瀑布，飞流直泻，云蒸霞蔚。湖泊群的西北面相邻着2200公顷高山杜鹃林，种类达30余种，每年因气温差异从3月至7月渐次开放，盛花时节，满山遍野，花海如潮。湖泊东南面分布着数十万亩的茂密原始冷杉林，千年古木高大挺拔，笔直参天，树下绿茸如毯。景区气候多变，呈垂直分布，低处温暖，日照丰富，中部温湿，雨量充沛，顶部则寒冷，积雪深厚。一日可逢四季，忽晴忽雾，忽雨忽雪，景象万千。 小相岭目前为四川本省人熟知的多，外省人较少踏足。个人认为是一条难度和强度与太白南北穿越比之有过之而无不及的好线路。 可惜照片缺损了很多，保留下很少一部分，不能非常直观和全面的体现穿越过程的点滴不易。 4月24日：上午十点半从起点灵山寺开始穿越，脑瓜子还没从一夜火车的摇晃和两小时的汽车颠簸中完全的缓过神来。出行前一个月自己也是懒了，没坚持每周3—5次的慢跑其实按照自己较差的体能绝对不该偷这个懒。扁桃体发炎疼的咽口吐沫都艰难，火车上还咳嗽了大半夜，睡的不踏实，抬脚还没两步脚就觉得发虚，晃不了几步就气喘的紧。一直下雨，空气煞是清新，我却无暇眷顾于此。 山脚下第一波的杜鹃大半已近谢了，看花的好时节没赶上。 林子里，宛若爱丽丝仙境一般，苔藓，蕨类，树丫上的寄生物，点缀着晶莹的水珠。 爬 人类站立行走都百万年了吧？手脚分工绝对明确。喜欢背包游走至今，每次穿越靠着两条腿一根杖也都溜达过来了，谁知道这次小相岭打破常规。上山一小时后就开始遭遇陡坡，登山杖纯属多余，就只能抓着杜鹃树树根或枝桠手脚并用的爬上去。想想应该是偶然现象吧？谁知道接下来的四天里，不时的在乱石坡猿猴般窜上窜下，杜鹃林里绕东绕西，别说手用上，连我膝盖都发挥超常作用。很多情况下，我两条短腿跨不上去，只能先用膝盖跪上去，再慢慢挪着向上。穿越的大部分行程里内压根就没路，假如能有条小马道若隐若现，我会感谢上帝的垂怜。驴老爷也终于明白小相岭穿越为啥就雇不到骡马了，连牲口都没法走，可咱人还得爬过去不是。不止一次我仰天苦笑道：真是不远千里钻到这沟沟里来爬山！ 爬，爬还是爬 疲倦来的很快 出发晚和进行速度慢造成无法到达预定的宿营地，雨渐变成大雪。向导小毕指着延伸出来的两块岩石说：今晚住这。歪着脑袋左看右看，空隙里塞进顶帐篷真件高难度的事，地面还全是石块。已经开始感觉浑身冷的发抖，只有一个念头，转进睡袋躺着，不要吃饭，不要喝水，不想说话，不想动半下只想躺着。勉强的搭好卧室，鞋子一脱半个字都没留下，裹着羽绒服我直挺挺的窝在睡袋里。身子底下的“席梦思”东一块，西一块的硌的背疼，管不了那么多了，没淋着雨就是万幸。迷糊的睡过去，半夜浑身火烧似得发烫，驴老爷说：丫鬟你发烧了。赶紧的翻出百服宁混乱吞下，我可不想肺进水，脑进水的嗝屁在半山腰上。当晚宿营地3200左右吧 ？驴老爷的Suunto表不失时机的罢工，所有海拔数据只能揣测。 4月25日： 太阳起来，揉揉眼睛，我还喘气的。雪停了，帐篷却全湿了。地方实在狭小，外帐没法撑开，沿着石壁流下的水一股脑的渗进来。晒吧，从帐篷到睡袋，到羽绒衣摊开来晾在阳光下。不得不说，这次出行，太阳之神还是眷顾着我们的。除第一天下雨和雅拉穿越最后一天下雪以外，无论走到哪都是阳光明媚，甚至成都这个印象里应该阴雨绵绵的城市也阳光灿烂的让我接受不了。防晒霜当锅盔一般一层层抹，加上汗，手指头一推就是细面条无数。最后由丹巴回成都那天，早起还是阴沉的天气，出发时也意外的放晴，使我在猫鼻梁远远一睹四姑娘山的芳容。哦，太阳之神我赞美你！ 阳光下的树木 齐刷刷大晾晒 红石坡，乱石上的红色应该是一种真菌吧？ 爬，还是往上爬，不管你愿不愿意。谁也不知道山那头是什么，或许和这里毫无差异，但人总是有着永不满足的欲望。 我当对天长笑，笑我痴狂 胖 哥 胖哥，宁波人士。细腻体贴一绅士，对生活品质极为讲究。直到行程结束机场送行那会，我也没弄清楚到底是胖哥自个哭着喊着要跟着驴老爷出来混的呢，还是被驴老爷一通忽悠拐骗入川的。对于连一次短线徒步都没参加过的胖哥来说，这次的出行，他打开了人生中太多的第一。 第一次不洗脸不刷牙就睡觉，第一次喝下用飘着高蛋白浮虫的水冲泡的咖啡，第一次吃夹生饭，烂糊面，第一次撇开床躺在帐篷里，第一次徒步穿越，第一次饿的半死时只能啃压缩饼干，第一次被一老婆子（咳咳，老婆子就是我）一路骂着下山，第一次看见高山海子，第一次靠着双腿走到4100米，第一次被剥夺开口发言的权利，第一次摸索着学习怎么上包，怎么下包，怎么用登山杖，太多第一次。以至于一打电话或接电话，胖哥总是用这句话来开头：我要投诉。。。。。。（绝对不是投诉我，这个我懂的）。 路上，我总开玩笑，胖哥，回到宁波你是感谢俺那老爷呢，还是就此封杀老爷？胖哥颇为纠结的思考半天，叹口气说：“我也不知道。”他是奔着减肥五公斤，奔着看水嫩嫩的川妹子，奔着看丹巴美女的诱惑懵懵懂懂的掉进这陷阱的。浑身上下所有装备都是临出发前半个月置办齐全的。他由一个没进过户外幼儿园的学龄前儿童迅速的成长为徒步穿越大学（驴老爷所创办内部大学）毕业的本科生。在丹巴，我手绘一张毕业证书，由驴老爷（徒步学校校长）和雪域格桑花（徒步大学执行董事）亲自颁发。胖哥激动的说回去一定塑封好，挂在墙上，让公司员工看看，他这趟容易嘛 ！（就是不知道回去到底挂没）。 现在回想起来，替胖哥由衷的感慨，第一次穿越就把小相岭这硬骨头啃下来真是有些几分悲壮！ 胖哥，要对你说声抱歉，路上一直恶狠狠骂你撒娇，不肯给你一点点解释的机会，是为了不让你停住脚步，让你坚信自己能够靠自己走出大山。让你受了委屈，SORRY! 4月26日：拔营出发，不是在杜鹃林里窜来窜去就是石块上跳芭蕾玩迷你攀岩。那个可气啊！积雪深的地方没过小腿，走起来很卸力，摇摇晃晃的，后脑勺开始针扎般的疼起来，我晓得高反来袭。要了我亲命啊！怕啥来啥！扁桃体仍旧疼，水不能断的拼命喝，幸亏“野唱”的需求被大量的出汗排挤到一天一次，否则不麻烦死才怪。埋头恍惚之时，听见向导叫到连三海到了！、连三海的大海子，无声而不起眼的隐在树林子后面。翻上小山坡高处，大海子黑黝黝的水无丝毫涟漪，仿若恒古之来它就是那么淡然的静默着。不见底的深幽墨黑的透出几分神秘。连三海顾名思义是三个海子连在一起，又是几个小山坡的上下后来到二海子边。二海子比大海子小了很多，弯在无人迹的山坳里。鸟啼彻林，也拂不去它隐忍的落寞。三海子我不想再去了，就坐在二海子边晒着太阳，发傻。 二海子 继续往宿营地走，体力越发不支。驴老爷将我背包换去，以免我半路倒下。总算勉强到达不知名的海子边扎营。升起的篝火燃着杜鹃的枯枝，飘散淡淡的清香。胡乱的煮几包方便面，倒进些真空包装的蔬菜，不知其味的吞下算是对五脏有个交代。一屁股坐在篝火边浑身散了架般得软绵，手机居然有信号，翻出来看见折翼电我的短信留言，这老流氓真的又去了太白，被太尉的酒勾去的吧。脸浮肿的自己都没好意思看，好在出门就没性别之分，谁也没把我当个女人看，丑也就丑了吧。那晚星空繁盛明亮，数也数不清的密集。 4月27日：起来，篝火已经燃起，头疼的忍不住了，吃了头痛粉，傻呆呆的守着一堆火，喝了杯咖啡后胃翻腾的厉害，一下子没忍住吐了。得，重新往嘴里倒包头痛粉，收拾好东西开拔。 背包被驴老爷强制性的清减了很多东西，只留最基本的必需品。一起走的第三次了，对我的弱点他很清楚。昨晚已经狠尅了我一顿：逞强啊！非要背个大包，不出状况才怪！不知道你弱点就是不能负重啊！低头认错，不敢回嘴，谁让俺做错呢。 今天要翻越4200的垭口，心里一直念叨，上帝上帝，仁慈的赐予我一双翅膀吧！我的老腰，我的老腿，我的老胳膊还有那不时抽搐的胃怕是挨不过这关卡了吧？依旧是手脚并用的翻爬，我就奇怪了那向导一个人背两包，走起来咋那么轻盈？ 垭口前，吃路餐增加能量以应付马上要打的硬仗，三大块巧克力咽下去再加块压缩饼干，恩估计可以对付了。不过我连抬头看的勇气都没了，一棵树丫丫都没，全是乱石头，神呐！ 上吧，别指望有人能抬你过去。上个五米停一下，往左是石头，往右是石头，上面是石头，下面是石头，我这唱的是哪处“石头记”哦！不小心吧，还会一脚踏空或者踩着松动的石块上，紧张加刺激的扭个高空肚皮舞。很多次，我短腿一步迈不到要踩的落脚点上，只能膝盖先跪上去，在一点点蹭着挪上去，就这样还往往会落得上也不是下也不是的吊在半当中。呜呜呜，我的膝盖乌青乌青的，都不知道到夏天能退下去不。向导看着我这狼狈不堪的摸样，一个劲的喊加油。鬼，还加油呢！这荒山野岭的到哪里去加油？有油加我也不来第二次了。这好比开着一辆零件全部生锈磨损过半的小奥拓走川藏线-----悬乎啊！总算，总算的爬到了头！ 奋力冲顶的胖哥 唉呀妈呀，可算是上来了。 无限风光在险峰 崩 溃翻过垭口，看见了九连海，几个海子台阶状的分布在不同岩面。我哇哇乱叫，立马把骂自己傻冒的念头抛到西伯利亚去了。走的千辛万苦不就为了看风景？恩，说实话吧，没咋出过远门的的村姑就是这么见不得大世面。一通乱哇后，被告知宿营地就在海子边。多豪华的卧室哦！但可惜，看见是看见了，不等于到达，要靠近还有得一番考验。放眼一看，又是杜鹃林和乱石坡，向导所说的高度公路不会是要从这密密实实的林子里硬行横切下去吧？得到的回答是肯定的，就是这么下。心里那个恨啊！怎么就没条路呢？仍旧想呕吐，又吐不出来，阳光照的心里烦闷。深一脚浅一脚的踩踏着枝桠往下走，身子稍微歪斜了下，整个人陷进矮小的灌木堆里，挣扎半天才立起来，费劲力气的才摆弄开缠绕在雪套上的藤蔓，一脚下去又是踩空，再次掉进灌木丛，娘的，没个完了。不爱惜树木了，踩断了也怨不得我。好容易走到空地上，定睛一看是一块一米多高的石头，要不跳下去，要不就得屁降，一发狠把登山杖扔掉，蹲在一边死活不肯再动。队友被我吓着了，柔声的说快到了，快到了，你下来吧，我抱着脑袋就是不啃声。驴老爷也下来了，看见我只轻轻的吐出一句话：“登山杖丢给她，我们先下去”头也不回的过去了。我到达了崩溃的边缘，这时候谁也帮不了，只有靠自己重新站起来，靠自己给自己往前迈步的意念。足足蹲了五分钟，我才慢慢站起来，拾起杖无声的继续前进。憋着最后一点力气把让自己晃到了海子边的平台上，靠着包就躺了下去，就想那么的睡过去，不管天要塌还是地要裂。十几分钟才缓过来点劲，擦了把脸，冰冷的水稍微舒缓了下浮躁。屁股还没抬多高，头一歪狂吐起来，那叫一个呕酸啊！一股子泡椒鸡爪的味，从此活生生把这道菜从我爱吃的食谱上无情的抹杀。帐篷支好还没进呢，又是一通狂吐。不中用哦，这才多高海拔就整的溃不成军。手捏着塑料袋歪歪斜斜的缩在睡袋里，队友熬的粥半点不想碰。喝完两杯水，还来及抖开袋子胃液从嘴里喷出来。也好，吐个干干净净。重新睡下的那一分钟，我对自己说，云起这次你是真的崩溃了。([]
176极品二合一
赖宏达Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
五月停天下二区三区
张与信走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 (
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杨佳蓉发帖子前，我犹豫了很久到底要不要发这个帖，在夏特路上，老孤说过，“能花力气写帖子的人，肯定没力气走路”。虽然我对他这种言论嗤之以鼻，但迫于他的淫威，我一路忍着。老孤问我：夏特好玩不？我说不好玩，他说有机会带我玩好玩的，能让我骂爹的。我知道他说的是狼塔C，所以在走狼C之前，我都得顺着他。关于夏特穿越，有爱美丽的大帖在，咱的帖子就凑合着看看，其实，我是冲着奖品中那个野餐篮来的。当然，这一路的点滴，也应该记录下来。近五天的穿越，让一群来自五湖四海的陌生人，成为了好兄弟，好姐妹，还有什么比这个更重要呢。先放几张图片，作为漫步夏特记的引子。写帖其实是一个回忆和看片的过程，而回忆和看片往往容易让自己“热泪盈眶”。谢谢一起陪伴走过的那些兄弟姐妹，老孤、五道黑、农夫、菲儿姐、蓝色、KK、花花、半仙，谢谢静尘姐姐……很多很多，谢谢天公作美，五天的万里无云天气，赐给我一个白白的眼镜框……一起翻过达坂一起走过冰川一起趟过冰河其实我很鄙视自己的优柔寡断，在狼C与夏特之间，居然纠结了好长时间。在临近出发不得不做出选择时，居然用了抛硬币的办法，正面是狼C，反面是夏特，结果连抛三次，都是反面。既然与夏特有缘，就走夏特吧！30日下午，迫不及待屁颠屁颠赶往机场，晚点半小时。队伍在乌鲁木齐最晚等我到20点，若赶不上，就走狼C了，实在不行，还可以去喀纳斯腐败一圈。这里要谢谢砾石周到的安排，接机后在半路截住了队伍的大巴，才得以顺利坐上前往昭苏的大巴。瘸子、登陆、花花、木头、半仙……我们这些人在群里早已聊得火热，俨然一个亲友团。走夏特之前，因为肠炎，我已经一周没有吃米饭，都是喝一些流质的食物，也没有碰肉，还吃了一堆抗生素，整个身子软绵绵的，浑身没劲。包里还带着一周的药量。上车后，菲尔姐递给我一个鸡腿，我饿的实在慌，也管不了那么多了，几口就吞了下去，并祈祷着肚子别翻江倒海。一夜好眠。在昭苏县城吃完早餐后，我们赶往夏特乡。听说，还有一个捐助仪式。在夏特边防派出所老孤是个大好人，说白了是dao嘴豆腐心。似乎那些贫困山区的父老乡亲们都认识他，想必是经常搞公益活动。这次走夏特，老孤带队，是缘于江枫。江枫要去祭拜他的好友青城，因为这份情谊，所以本打算不再走夏特的老孤，再走最后一次夏特。老孤说，他已经走了12次夏特，8次狼C，已经走得快吐了，再走两次狼C，他就不再带队走这两条线，而要走新线路了。你看他的脑门，都走秃了，照相时只要对着他的脑门就曝光过度。队伍在夏特乡边防派出所和小朋友们合影！捐赠结束后，我们赶往夏特古道公园入口。在这里，要与管理部门交涉，才能进入。这位美女叫蓉蓉，五道黑全程保护的对象，关系可想而知。关于五道黑，有好多传说，总之，是个人物！木头也忍不住摆骚，这家伙体力很好，全程见不到他屁股。夏特古道穿越许可证靠着车窗，大伙轮流订“生死状”，大约是出了事情，景区等部门没有责任之类。当时心里还挺有点挺小感慨的，这场面，有那么一点悲壮吧。办完手续后，进入景区，中巴车载着我们一路颠簸地驶往徒步起点。路过山神处，下车拜过，保佑我们一行安全穿越。中巴车将我们送至徒步起点，在这里，看到了几家牧民。正收拾背包准备往肩上扛的时候，老孤说有人愿意再往里送我们一程，费用也不贵，于是，刚把包从中巴车上拿下来，又往卡车上搬。二十多个人，站在一辆拉马的卡车上，颠簸着浩浩荡荡驶向小木屋。一路，要不停地躲闪来自小道两边树枝的侵袭。天空很蓝，在车子停下寻路的间隙，也不忘照上两张。第一次到新疆，这里的景色，对我来说，充满新鲜感。到了小木屋后，夏特徒步算式真正开始。第一天的路很轻松，走过夏特牧场，到河边，就到了我们的营地。路也好走，有清晰的马道，应该是为明天的达坂翻越热身。出发之前，大伙合影。我、KK和半仙已经迫不及待地背上了背包。一行中，大雨、彼得、花花、龙四都是走过狼C的，大雨还登顶过慕士塔格峰，这次是第二次走夏特，花花和龙四是刚从狼C回来，又赶上了夏特的队伍。我们膜拜花花，认为她是狼C和夏特连走的第一个美女。龙四已经在新疆泡了好几个月，走完夏特，又要赶往昆仑山拣玉石。半仙登过哈巴和玉珠，走起路来不带停的。我不知道老孤的包有多重，只知道包里装了一大袋子大米，好几个锅。休息的时候，他掂量了一下靠在他包上的背包，问谁的，我说我的，他狠狠踹了包一脚，骂好轻……我的包20公斤，确实有点轻。 当然，我也不会忘记组织。我了表示我对组织的忠诚，我一开始就套上了组织的背包罩，只是觉得这个背包罩太软了，不够硬朗。我还带了组织的旗帜，但可悲的是这一路居然忘了拿出来晒晒。在一处平地休息，等待后面的队员。天空似乎飘起了黑云，要下雨的样子，风也大了起来，只好放下包，穿上冲锋衣。这个时候，已经是下午4点多，离我们的营地，大概还有1个小时的路程。夏特穿越，居然已经在不知不觉中开始了。五道黑深邃的目光五道黑，是一种鱼的名字，分布于位于新疆的额尔齐斯河与乌伦古河流域，相必是中肉质鲜美的鱼。我们亲切的称他为道黑，因为不顺口，也有人称他为黑道。于是，一个温文尔雅的名字，就开始带点暴力色彩了。道黑这一路，是鞍前马后，用实际行动阐释着什么叫做一个合格的护花使者。让他领路，太不现实，让他收队，更是不成气候，他就围着他的蓉蓉转。我想，道黑的女朋友应该是很幸福的，你瞧蓉蓉脸上的笑容就知道了。江枫，黝黑的脸，可以看出也是一个老江湖了。这一路，江枫基本上都和赵赵美女走在一块，他两其实算得上真正的收队，属于那种走起路来不慌不忙，处处留影的人。某晚，隔着帐篷，这两人还在交流一路上的照片。只听见江枫在抱怨：“赵赵，你拍的咋都是斜的？”赵赵答曰这其实是一种拍摄手法。花花，原名青瓷花，四川美女，长得很妖精。和花花的初次交流是在夏特乡派出所外边。那会才知道她走遍了川西的所有线路，刚从狼C回来那会，全身都浮肿，刚消肿就来了夏特。我心想这女子咋这么厉害，看样子不像啊。不知道听谁说花花的女儿1岁，以至于我一直以为她是一个1岁孩子的母亲，各回各家后交流才知道事情真相。菲尔姐，刚上车那会便塞给我一个鸡腿和两包静尘姐带给我的干果和牛肉干，一路上，对我们照顾的无微不至，每天晚上都吃到了可口的饭菜，手艺绝对超过五星级酒店的大厨。菲儿姐这一路走的很辛苦，背着一个岩石搬坚硬的背包，到了营地还要生活做饭，甚至回到乌鲁木齐，还给我们包了很多盘酱牛肉包子……菲儿姐，辛苦了！花花和菲儿姐的合影！KK,在哈密的云南人，不明白“KK”是何含义。调侃高手，一路上，大部分人都被他调侃过，部分人还被她调戏过，连老孤、农夫也不例外，尤其是花花，从乌鲁木齐开始被调侃，一直到了昭苏，过了夏特，到了阿克苏，回到乌鲁木齐，仍然是KK的重点调侃对象，可谓至交。追究KK调侃功夫为何这么高深，他自曝大学时曾被辅导员调侃过，青出于蓝而胜于蓝，于是就有了现在的KK。听说KK走乌孙古道过冰河时掉了进去，心灵受到了严重的创伤，所谓“一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳”，在夏特过冰河时，看他一手抓着绳子，一手挽着花花的样子，还有那惊恐的眼神，就知道伤得不轻。嘿嘿，名字很怪，我第一时间就想到了嘿咻！也是行走在第一梯队的强人。喜欢脱个精光拍裸照。我观察了，肚子上其实肥肉不少，但总体讲，肌肉厚度还是盖过了肥肉厚度。酒量一流，和老孤、KK等有的一拼，不像我，三杯下肚就找不着北了。路很好走，大伙走得甚至都有点散漫。其实我们是一支严格听从领队指挥的队伍，这在过冰河那天得到了充分的体现。老孤自己也对我们的纪律性大肆称赞。全程下来，我没见他用杖尖戳过人，可见我们有多听话。也没办法，夏特这样的路，不乖不行。我是看出来了，我的这些队友都是走路的料，吭哧吭哧走路都不怎么爱拍照。远处的雪山，近处的牧场，行走的队友，很和谐啊！和龙四交流了一下，小家伙来自广东，搞得是摄影职业，那会说的是走完夏特要到尼雅遗址，然后从敦煌到甘南，再到尼泊尔晃荡一个月。我表示羡慕，他表示付出了很大的代价。可能这一圈下来，要破产了吧，所以他后来改去昆仑山找玉石了。云越来越厚，眼看快要下雨了，加快脚步赶往营地。到达营地的时候，已经飘起了雨，淅淅沥沥的。在树下找了块平地，赶紧搭起帐篷。我带的是单人帐，比较轻，主要还是习惯一个人睡，再则也没有美女愿意与我混帐。晒晒刚买不久的帐篷，之前在太白用了一次，感觉一般般，比较中庸。早早地钻进帐篷，等待后面的队友。帐篷空间比较狭小，里面放下一个80L的包后，腿就无法完全伸直。这个时候，我才打开老孤给我的那个路餐袋子，看看里面究竟有啥。馕、卤蛋、咸菜、烤肠……这样的馕，从来没吃过，感觉很有负担。事实证明，我的确不擅长吃囊，走完夏特后，我居然还有3个馕没吃。倒是那包坚果和牛肉干，成了我的最爱。我们的
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Polar（北极狐极地穿越）正在进行，邀您共同关注！一、本季活动时间：4.15-5.5二、本季参与方式：回复A+B两个问即可参与，我们建议B问以照片加文字形式跟帖参与并邀请好友评分。 A、在户外露营时，除掌握露营技巧外，露营装备能否起到很好的保护作用很重要，极地穿越途中，Fjallraven为队员们配备了全套装备，你知道为何Fjallraven帐篷和服装的颜色蓝色居多吗？ 此次极地穿越活动中为穿越队员配备的是哪一款冲锋夹克？（此问答案可在@Fjallraven瑞典北极狐 官方微博探寻答案：https//126.am/AfIpF2）B、在北极地区，当地人称"北极光"为"revontulet"，译为"狐狸火"，拉普兰的冬至时分，在天气条件适宜的情况下，北极光将会频繁出现。分享你所见过的最美的户外美景（以图片+文字的形式） 三、评选规则自第1800楼起，我们将采用内容为主，点评为辅，综合评选的方式：1.回答A问（需要回答正确）+分享B主内容（图片漂亮，文字优美）2.可适当邀请好友点评，点评数及帖子质量较高者获奖几率较大。四．奖品设置一等奖：1名 Fjallraven Kalfjall长裤 价值1269元二等奖：5名 Fjallraven 瑞典原创T恤 价值369元参与奖：30名 全球限量版G-1000 IPHONE 手机袋奖品介绍： 一等奖：Fjallraven Kalfjall长裤：超轻、灵活的户外长裤，采用超轻G-1000®面料拼接高品质弹力布。腰部前低后高，使您在背包时也倍感舒适；立体剪裁设计，裤长可根据自身需要调节。 二等奖：Slade T恤 设计灵感来源于Fjä;llräven的北极狐极地穿越活动，是一项乘狗拉雪橇穿越330公里极地冰原的活动，有着令人叹为观止的极地风光。 三等奖：Fjallraven G-1000®;全球限量版IPHONE手机套（也可作公交卡包~）五、活动背景：2013年4月9-13日，由瑞典Fjallraven（瑞典北极狐）公司主办的北欧冬季极地探险活动：Fjallraven Polar，即"北极狐极地穿越"再度启程，全程330公里的极地穿越始于北冰洋的挪[color=#000 !important]威海岸，终点到达瑞典境内的拉普兰山区。[color=#000 !important]欧洲地区经过40000多名网友的热情参与投票，1000多名参加者的角逐，最终选定20多名来自世界各地的活动参加者。只要配备必要的[color=#000 !important]户外装备，掌握必要的知识，普通人也可畅享这段旅程参加者将全程驾驭着狗拉雪撬穿越北极冰原，并在雪地露营，度过在奇幻的极光下的夜晚。 整个行程将有两位出色的瑞典户外专家全程陪同，他们会传授必要的冬季户外技巧和知识，帮助穿越队员从容面对此次探险挑战。只要配备必要的户外装备，掌握必要的知识，普通人也可以畅享北极圈以北令人叹为观止的自然景观。他们将穿越欧洲最后的净土，体验一生难忘的冬季探险历程。了解更多可关注2013 Fjallraven 瑞典北极狐极地穿越8264专：https//www.8264.com/topic/1455.html 六、视频介绍2013Fjallraven Polar北极狐极地穿越-有体验,才精彩4月9日,瑞典北极狐极地穿越队员抵达挪威,准备启程2013 Fjallraven瑞典北极狐极地穿越4月10日队员进入极地永冻土2013 Fjallraven瑞典北极狐极地穿越：湛蓝的天空2013 Fjallraven瑞典北极狐极地穿越：真正的雪地露营2013 Fjallraven瑞典北极狐极地穿越顺利抵达终点 第一季活动已经结束，以下为获奖楼层名单如下：（奖品已陆续发放，请大家及时查收）获奖ID奖品获奖楼层光影色彩G-1000笔记本12狂笑无痕G-1000笔记本31NSEWSINCENOWG-1000笔记本90。鹏小坏、G-1000笔记本112泓泉G-1000笔记本128qqwangzhe1321G-1000笔记本213雨末影G-1000笔记本291ヅ☆狼G-1000笔记本328胖胖惹人恨G-1000笔记本390鱼鱼—淘神G-1000笔记本429下一站幸福！G-1000笔记本498hemingzhongG-1000笔记本528杰米G-1000笔记本628无为无所不为G-1000笔记本791脚掌G-1000笔记本828慧语星空G-1000笔记本932江城和睦G-1000笔记本1090风筝断线G-1000笔记本1190天涯人海G-1000笔记本1215星际阿立G-1000笔记本1290洛阳山猫G-1000笔记本1312木子广大G-1000笔记本1328不是最美G-1000笔记本1390死树G-1000笔记本1412随风666G-1000笔记本1428过眼幸福G-1000笔记本1490tubuchufaG-1000笔记本1512yueyashaG-1000笔记本1528bulemeG-1000笔记本1590冰凌银雪ylyG-1000笔记本1612yirenlvxingG-1000笔记本1628风隔雨阻G-1000笔记本16904840971G-1000笔记本1712CATyeG-1000笔记本1728恭喜以上获奖者，请尽快将邮递信息（地址、联系方式、姓名）通过站内短消息发给我们，截至到4.25，过期无效，感谢大家对本季活动的支持，第二季活动已经开始，希望大家继续踊跃参加。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第一季已经结束，活动回顾：一、第一季活动时间：4.9-4.14二、参与方式：1.关注@Fjallraven瑞典北极狐新浪官方微博，参与微博活动,并将微博活动截图跟帖。 （参与以下任意微博活动，并将截图回复此贴即可参与）2.微博活动地址： （分享首次露营经历） https//126.am/aBxJK1 （分享户外与动物的互动经历） https//126.am/61c0f4 https//126.am/lPsVl3 （你想与谁一起去看极光） https//126.am/MZNmv2 https//126.am/nDBZA1 （有奖问答） https//126.am/cLpQk4 https//126.am/aKkBI1（分享你生命当中最向往的目的地及理由） https//126.am/q1nE81 [url=https//126.am/9iLrw4]https//126.am/9iLrw4[/url]三、评选规则及奖品设置：关于Fjallraven Polar北极狐极地穿越的"数字"故事：此次北极狐极地穿越活动的队员来自12个不同的国家，经过激烈的角逐最终选出28名队员，其中包括1030名网络投票选出的选手，这些人当中有一个共同点：他们全部是普通的户外爱好者，来自各行各业，有教师，有音乐家，有摄影师，有医生等等。瑞典北极狐极地穿越的地点距离北极圈200公里，活动倡导"有体验，才够精彩"的理念：只要具备必要的户外知识，配备正确的装备，普通人也可以完成这330公里极地穿越的壮举。此次活动中将有168只雪橇犬同北极狐极地穿越队员一同踏上征程，每一只雪橇装满物资后的重量为90公斤，而整个活动中，队员们的食物总重量是540公斤。我们将采用以上数字来分配论坛参与奖品：1.根据活动规则参与活动的楼层后两位尾数为12、28和90（12、112、212…）楼的驴友将免费获得： 全球限量版Fjallraven G-1000笔记本一个。（如果获奖楼层未参与活动，此楼层奖项取消。）2.根据活动规则参与活动的楼层数为168、200、330楼的驴友将获得：价值199元的Fjallraven G-1000旅行腰包一个。3.根据活动规则参与活动的楼层数为540楼和1030楼的驴友将免费获得： 价值599元的Fjallraven Packer G-1000旅行背包一个。备注：1. 同一ID不重复获奖。（按照最高奖项发奖，重复的小奖项下移。）2. 如获奖楼层的驴友未按照活动规则参与活动（即并未将参与微博活动的截图回复此贴等），则递增一个楼层直到满足规则的人获选。3.为防止恶意刷票，获奖楼层ID与上一楼层ID相同者取消获奖资格，奖品下移。4月8日，来自世界各地的2013瑞典北极狐极地穿越队员们抵达斯德哥尔摩市中心，在这里，大家与未来4天同甘共苦的伙伴们相见，并接受瑞典北极狐户外专家Johan先生的极地穿越、生存、装备知识培训。来自美国的MICHEL,捷克的Vera、德国的Stephanie正在认真倾听Johan先生的讲座。Johan正在为大家讲解Fjallraven极地服装的正确穿着和使用方法.来自美国的LARRY和挪威的ANDREAS拿到了自己的极地穿越装备，非常开心！Fjallraven的顶级极地穿越装备将为他们未来4天的探险旅程保驾护航Johan正在讲述在户外着装当中分层的重要性，而对于极地穿越这样条件严峻气候变化多端的活动，正确的分层着装显得尤为重要。不同于我们已知的分层着装理念，Johan认为户外分层着装应该是一个动态的，可以根据野外条件而灵活调整的概念。大家的首场“Fjallraven装备秀”！现代舞蹈艺术的风格有木有！终于拿到自己的装备啦！接下来是最重要的培训之一：雪地扎营实地培训。今年来参加活动的户外爱好者们都不是专业人士，之前从未有过在雪地露营的经验，通过这个野外实地扎营培训，大家将掌握重要的在极地冰雪环境扎营的要领每个组的成员正在实践Johan传授的扎营方法他们要反复练习几次，确保完全掌握了雪地扎营要领Johan正在讲解在严峻条件下的重要的扎营要领，如暴风雪当中如何保证帐篷整晚的稳固和防风效果，这些技巧对于未来几天的行程非常重要，可以说是保命的。 Fjallraven的零下30度极地防寒睡袋，其保暖效果出色到睡在里面甚至可以不用帐篷，你信么？不信的话请继续关注未来几天的行程。。。今年的队员当中也不乏帅哥美女呀！！！强烈要求大家来围观！看来大家都准备的比较充足了！来张出发之前的合影吧！来自12个国家的28名队员与Fjallraven极地穿越活动总领队Johan先生、活动总监Andreas 先生的团体合影！！更多行程播报，明日继续更新！中途休息队员们用国旗装饰的冰屋。今天Johan继续把大家召集在一起，培训的内容是如何在帐篷中睡的更有“效率”。虽然大多数人都有过露营经验，但从来没有想过原来帐篷里睡觉也有门道可讲，也有技巧可循。北极狐的极地睡袋有一个不错的功能，两侧拉链都可以拉开，这样当你在帐篷里面整理物品时，完全可以把睡袋当件马甲来穿，即不会冻到，又灵活方便。检查点的刀旗~对首次参加北极狐极地穿越的队员来说，如何稳定的驾驶狗拉雪橇成为一门必修功课。队员们正在准备狗狗的食物一望无际的北极冰原地带充满了无线遐想与神秘终于到了晚餐时间，大家准备做一顿丰盛的大餐极地穿越途中为解决网络问，Fjallraven为队员配备了卫星网络平台，途中，Beatrice正在安装卫星终端，用于穿越途中上传视频及图片。Johan Skullman, 北极狐资深产品专家、户外专家。他曾是瑞典武装部队的军官，并拥有30多年的专业户外经验，能够应对极恶劣的户外天气条件。此次穿越活动中Johan全程陪同北极狐极地穿越队员，并传授穿越北极寒带必备的生存技能。来自美国的Craig and Kyle([]
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